Cervical cancer is a growth of abnormal cells in the cervix; the lower part of the uterus that connects it to the vagina. It is divided into four stages, based on how far it has spread.
Most cervical cancers are caused by human papillomavirus (HPV), a common infection spread through sexual contact. HPV usually goes away on its own, but in some people, it stays for years and can cause cervical cells to become cancerous. Regular screening and HPV vaccination can help lower the risk of infection.
What are the symptoms?
Cervical cancer may not cause symptoms at first. As it grows, it can lead to:
- Vaginal bleeding after intercourse, between periods, or after menopause
- Heavier or longer periods than usual
- Watery or bloody vaginal discharge that may have a foul smell
- Pelvic pain or pain during intercourse
What are the causes?
Most cervical cancers are caused by HPV. The virus can cause changes in cervical cells that make them grow abnormally. Over time, these cells can form a tumor which can destroy healthy tissue and spread to other parts of the body.
Who is at risk?
Factors that may increase the risk include:
- HPV infection
- Smoking
- Multiple sexual partners
- Early sexual activity
- Other sexually transmitted infections
- Weak immune system
- Exposure to medicines that prevent miscarriage
When should you see a doctor?
Consult a doctor if you have symptoms that concern you, especially in case of unusual bleeding or discharge.
How is it diagnosed?
Following screening tests can help confirm cancer and determine how far it has spread:
- Pap test helps check cervical cells for abnormal or precancerous changes
- HPV DNA test confirms HPV infection
If cancer is suspected following tests can be done:
- Colposcopy to examine cervix, vagina and vulva for abnormal cells
- Punch biopsy, endocervical curettage, electrical wire loop or cone biopsy to collect small tissue samples from cervix
If cancer is confirmed, staging tests may include:
- Imaging tests like X-ray, MRI, CT, or PET scans
- Bladder and rectum examination
What are the treatment options?
The following options may be used:
- Surgery to remove the cancer and in some cases, the cervix or uterus
- Radiotherapy to kill cancer with powerful energy beams
- Chemotherapy to destroy cancer cells with the help of medicines
- Targeted therapy to attack specific chemicals in cancer cells
- Immunotherapy to strengthen immune system so it can fight cancer
- Palliative care to relieve symptoms and improve quality of life
How can it be prevented?
The following factors may help lower the risk of cervical cancer:
- HPV vaccination
- Regular Pap tests
- Smoking cessation
- Safe intercourse
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Can HPV cause cervical cancer?
Yes, most cervical cancers are linked to HPV.
Can cervical cancer affect fertility?
Some treatments can affect fertility.
Can cervical cancer spread?
Yes, it can spread to other parts of the body.
Does HPV always cause cancer?
No, HPV usually clears on its own but in some cases the virus stays and causes the cells to multiply abnormally and turn into a tumor.
Important Note: This information is for awareness purposes only. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice, diagnosis or treatment.
